Summary of Interesting Results Here are some of the newest, most interesting results of the study: tbd

Entoloma (Rhodopolia) - click to expand Entoloma in the sense I use it are medium to large (tricholomatoid), smooth, lubricious capped species with grey or brown tones. There are clamps in the cap cuticle. They are very difficult to differentiate from each other without a scope. Nolanea are smaller and more slender (collybioid or mycenoid) with similar cap texture and colour, without clamps in the cap cuticle. The other genera on this page are more colourful or not lubricous. Rarely, an Entoloma might be a tiny omphalinoid species, in which case it could be confused with Paraeccilia. For those that lump everything on this page in Entoloma, this is considered section Rhodopolia (I don't know why it's not called section Entoloma). For those that split, these are the true Entoloma s.s. Species mentioned: Entoloma alnobetulae, alpicola, brunnescipes, clavaformipes, grande, griseoavellaneum, griseum, heracleodora, laceratum, lividoalbum, majaloides, saussetiense, lividum, lupinum, lyophylloidium, myrmecophilum, nidorosum, politum, lactarioides, nitriolens, pseudocostatum, pseudolividum, rhodopolium, sericatum, sinuatum, speculum, subpolitum, subsaundersii, subsinuatum, aurorae-borealis, borgenii. Nolanea abbreviatipes.   It's possible it will later be discovered that some of these need to move to other genera/sections, but preliminary analysis suggests that all of these are in section Rhodopolia. Although we don't have any sequences of some of them, the sections they've been placed in, or the species they've been compared to, suggest they do belong here.   Omphalinoid/Clitocyboid Entolomas Entoloma politum EU - an omphalinoid Entoloma, with a mostly non-striate stem and mild to nitrous odor. This was the type species of the genus Eccilia, but since it is inside Entoloma, that genus name is not needed. We have a number of EU sequences, but it has not yet been proven from the PNW, despite reports. It could be that reports of this are really the very similar sister species E. nitriolens. Entoloma nitriolens EU(=E. lactarioides Russia) - this sister species has long been confused with E. politum and many thought it was a synonym, but type sequences showed it is distinct. It was found twice in WA (once under cottonwood and alder), matching the type sequences. This species varies by 1.5% in ITS from E. politum (mostly in ITS2). David Largent, who described E. subpolitum, sees significant differences in these collections from that species (described next). Entoloma subpolitum WA - a very similar omphalinoid but with a striate stem and farinaceous odor. No sequences yet. Entoloma nitriolens © Richard Morrison and Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Entoloma lividum group - possible yellow gills when young Entoloma grande NY - Largent thought that this was the white capped Entoloma lividum group member to be found in the PNW. There is conflicting information about whether or not the gills will be yellow when young. We don't have any DNA to compare to, so we need reliable east coast sequences and local collections. Entoloma subsinuatum ME - although never reported from the PNW, this turned out to be the sequence of a (probably) white capped BC collection in the Entoloma lividum group. The gills of this species were originally reported as white, but a modern study showed the gills are probably yellow when young. We need more collections to see if E. grande occurs here too, as the spore sizes overlap. Entoloma pseudolividum WA - this was described as our darker capped member of the Entoloma lividum group with yellow young gills but we have no DNA of it yet. It has been described as being much like E. flavifolium NY, which we do have DNA of. We need local collections.   Entoloma rhodopolium group, etc. Entoloma rhodopolium EU - usually farinaceous with roundish spores. Largent commonly reported six forms from the west coast, but we have not yet found DNA here that matches the EU neotype. Entoloma nidorosum EU - a closely related species but supposedly more likely to be nitrous smelling, but in practice almost cryptically similar. There was some controversy when the neotype was chosen, as somebody chose the arctic-boreal only species instead of the more widespread species. This is not likely in the PNW, as since it was reported based on nitrous smelling collections before the concept was understand, and certainly before it was decided that this name would refer to an arctic species. Entoloma 'nidorosum PNW07' - the common species actually found here in the E. rhodopolium/nidorosum group is this sister species. Entoloma 'griseum PNW05' - this species, also farinaceous with roundish spores like E. rhodopolium, is the DNA that turns up most often in local Entoloma collections. That makes me wonder if collections of this are being mistaken for E. rhodopolium. We are not sure what the DNA of E. griseum looks like. Our DNA matches one of 2 possibilities so far, and may not be the right one. Rough spore measurements for our species are 8-9x7.5-8.5u and 8-9x6.5-9u. Entoloma sericatum EU - supposedly with a slight nitrous odor only when fresh, then farinaceous. We have dozens of EU sequences and BC and WA sequences that match fairly well, although there seems to be some variation in ITS, with some sequences with 3 ambiguous locations but still up to 3 locations different unambiguously between others (this is true both within the EU and within the PNW). The dirty type sequence of Entoloma myrmecophilum EU suggests it is the same species as this, but that species is blackish with a matted-felty cap. Entoloma abbreviatipes WA (=Nolanea abbreviatipes) - with a short stem. It was originally described as a Nolanea, as it is smallish and without clamps, but the type sequences inside Entoloma instead, which I cannot yet explain. It can be a rather small species, but the photo of our one photographed collection (2 bp different than the type sequence, but not all of ITS was obtained) shows it as somewhat stocky like an Entoloma. The newer EU species Entoloma griseorugulosum has a similar type sequence, 3 bp and 2 indels different, one of the indels a long chunk. Entoloma borgenii Greenland - one OR sequence matches Noordeloos' official Greenland sequences within 3 bp. Not known before this from the PNW. Entoloma IN4 - one WA sequence matches some east coast sequences. Entoloma aurorae-borealis EU - one WA collection is the first known collection outside of the EU, matching the type sequence. Our collection has had a complete microscopic workup thanks to David Largent. Entoloma 'griseum PNW05' © Daniel Winkler and Sharon Squazzo,     E. 'nidorosum PNW07' © Midy Liou,     E. borgenii © Connor Dooley Entoloma sericatum (2 photos) © Richard Morrison,     E. abbreviatipes © Yi-Min Wang,     E. IN04 © Yi-Min Wang Entoloma aurorae-borealis © Kendra Dedinsky (2 images)   Especially large, stocky species. Entoloma lividoalbum EU (=E. saussetiense EU) - a quite stocky grey-brown capped species. There are so many similar species almost every collection sequences to a different species, but in 2015 Kokkonen thought he got a sequence of the real thing, and Brandrud agreed in a 2018 paper, so let's go with that. It's the same as the newer species E. saussetiense. We haven't found that DNA locally yet, but keep reading. Entoloma lividoalbum forma inodoratum CA - Largent described a local distinct form, forma inodoratum CA for collections lacking the farinaceous odor. However, stocky collections without an odor are turning out to be the older species E. majaloides, discussed next. He may have redescribed that. We need a type sequence to find out. Entoloma 'majaloides PNW06' - this stocky species, without an odor, found once in summer and once in fall in WA, and then once in summer in Idaho, have 3 sequences about 4-6 bp different from each other. The ID sequence matches the EU type sequence. They may all just be E. majaloides, which has variable ITS (a few characters are indeed ambiguous) but just in case we undescribed species in this group, I'm using the code PNW06. This could be what collections of E. lividoalbum forma inodoratum actually are. Entoloma 'lividoalbum PNW02' - a probably somewhat farinaceous BC sequence is >1% different than E. lividoalbum. One WA sequence with no odor detected had too short a sequence to tell if it matched the BC sequence or EU sequences. It should be resequenced. Entoloma 'lividoalbum PNW03' - another very short WA sequence is different enough from any other known sequence that it may represent another species in this group. It too should be resequenced. Further studies are need to tell how many species are in this group here and what their proper names should be. Entoloma subsaundersii CA - a large, stocky species that may remain partially buried. We have a type area sequence that may represent this. We need local collections. Entoloma 'lupinum PNW04' - this related species may or may not be stocky, stay tuned. It is 1.5% different in ITS from the type sequence of E. lupinum. Entoloma 'lividoalbum PNW02' © Paul Kroeger,     E. 'lividoalbum PNW03' © Jan Agosti,     E. 'majaloides PNW06' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Locally described so definitely present, but still little understood Entoloma griseoavellaneum WA - known only from the type collection, it has an unusually fibrillose cap and a fragrant odor. We need collections and sequences. Entoloma heracleodora WA - a smoky green capped Entoloma with a farinaceous and slightly celery odor. We need collections and sequences. Entoloma lyophylloidium WA - a nearly black species under fir at high elevations. Entoloma pseudocostatum WA - with interveined gills.   Poorly understood non-local species that have been reported here Entoloma alnobetulae EU - we have a very short, dirty type sequence, but hopefully that's enough to recognize it by. It's very similar to another short type sequence of Entoloma bisporigerum. We need local collections to confirm what the PNW reports of this are. Entoloma alpicola EU - formerly a variety of E. clypeatum. Different EU sequences are clearly different species, so I don't know what the DNA of this looks like. We need reliable EU sequences as well as local sequences to see what reports of this species really are. Entoloma brunnescipes CA - the stem discolours brownish-grey in age. There is one questionable report of this CA mushroom from Idaho. We need local collections to confirm its presence here, and also CA collections because we don't have its DNA yet. Entoloma clavaformipes FL - with a club shaped stem base. This FL mushroom was reported from BC but we need both FL and local collections to figure out what its sequence is and to verify that it does occur here. Entoloma myrmecophilum EU - with a blackish, matted-felty cap, although the dirty type sequence suggests it is the same as the non-blackish, non-felty E. sericatum.  There is one questionable rumour of it maybe being in WA, so be on the lookout for it. We have EU type area DNA to compare to, but it hasn't been found here yet. Entoloma speculum EU - supposedly with a very pale cap. every EU sequence of this is a different species so I don't know what the DNA looks like. Neither do we have any sequences of local collections.

Nolanea - click to expand Nolanea are small and slender (colybioid or mycenoid), smooth, lubricious capped species with grey or brown tones without clamps in the cap cuticle. They are very difficult to differentiate from each other without a scope. Entoloma are larger (tricholomatoid) and have clamps in the cap cuticle. One species may be omphalinoid, easily confused with Paraeccilia and the omphalinoid Entoloma politum group. The other genera on this page are more colourful or not smooth and lubricious. Species mentioned: Nolanea abbreviatipes, conica, bicoloripes, infula, californica, cetrata, clandestina, cuspidifera, edulis, farinogusta, fructifragrans, fusciceps, fusco-ortonii, hebes, tenella, leptopus, hirtipes, holoconiota, incanosquamulosa, latifolia, minutostriata, obscurata, occidentalis, seattlense, washingtonense, papillatoides, pseudopapillata, proxima, proxima forma inodorata, pseudostrictior, pseudostrictia, pusillipapillata, sericea, staurospora f. discoloripes, conferenda, staurospora var. incrustata, staurospora var. farinacea, strictior, subcapitata, solstitialis, subsolstitialis, substrictior, subviolaceoverna, terrea, pygmaeopapillata, undatomarginata, undulata, verna var. isodiametrica. Entoloma cornicolor, leptotus, ortonii, propinquum, rhodocyclix, psammophilohebes, vindobonense. Pouzarella fernandae.   'Nolanea' abbreviatipes WA - with a short stem, can be small like a Nolanea, and lacks clamps, but the type sequenced inside Entoloma, which I cannot yet explain. See that genus.   1. Omphalinoid - pale grey with few gills 'Entoloma' rhodocyclix EU - a tiny, grey omphalinoid Nolanea , with far fewer gills than the Entoloma politum group and Paraeccilia. One WA and one OR collection match three UK sequences provided by Vila in a 2014 paper. I think it is in section Nolanea. Although Vila's paper couldn't place it definitively inside Nolanea (but his sampling was poor), my ITS tree shows it inside Nolanea. 'Entoloma' rhodocylix © Connor Dooley     2. Spores angled so strongly they resemble a 4-pronged jumping jack. Farinacceous. Nolanea conferenda EU (=N. staurospora EU) - matching sequences have been found in BC and WA. Largent described (using the name N. staurospora) forma discoloripes from CA,  var. incrustata from WA, and var. farinacea from WA on the basis that all some collections have a stem that bruises brown in places instead of becoming entirely dark brown and tiny microscopic differences. The spores of this species are unusually star-like. The latter two varieties are said to grow in smaller groups (of 1-4 instead of 10 more more) and are now thought to be synonymous with each other. A BC sequence is only 1 bp different than EU sequences of N. conferenda, so I don't know that the different varieties are genetically distinct. We should sequence more collections matching the various varieties and the types. Nolanea conferenda © Anna Mladzyanovskaya and Yi-Min Wang (2 images)     3. Pruinose stem over 1/3 of the length, not just at the apex. (Spring, odorless). Nolanea holoconiota ID ('PNW03') - spring, pale conical cap, odorless with a pruinose stem. We have many local sequences of a species that appears to match N. holoconiota, our most abundant spring species. Even though we have no type sequence to prove it, since this is the only species said to be pruinose over an extended portion of the stem, we have confidence that this is it. Nolanea holoconiota © Buck McAdoo     4. Other non-farinaceous, at most faintly so. Nolanea infula EU - we have one OR and one CA sequence that match 11 EU sequences of N. infula. If those are labeled correctly, that species occurs here. Nolanea bicoloripes WA/Nolanea pusillipapillata CA/Nolanea substitialis WA - N. infula itself was never reported from the PNW, but these are three locally described species in section Infularia. We need sequences of them to see how they fit in and if any are newer synonyms. It should be noted that the latter two are recorded as sometimes farinaceous. It should also be noted that a supposed synonym of N. infula, Nolanea chlorinosa, appears to have a chlorine odor, based on the epithet. Nolanea infula © David Largent   Nolanea clandestina var. clandestina EU - we have dozens of EU sequences, but no local collections sequenced yet, which we need to see if our darker collections truly are the EU type variety. Nolanea clandestina var. oculobrunnea CA - with paler colours than the type variety, is 4% different in ITS and truly is distinct. We have CA and WA sequences. Nolanea clandestina var. oculobrunnea © Yi-Min Wang   Nolanea edulis var. edulis CA - we have some CA collections purporting to be this, and one OR collection matches the sequence. Nolanea verna EU var. isodiametrica OR - our one sequence purporting to be this was the same as N. edulis var. edulis. We need to figure out what this really is. Nolanea edulis var. concentrica OR - usually a grass species with the cap olive grey and concentrically rivulose. Many collections do show a concentric indentation around the umbo, but they aren't always olive-grey. We don't have a reliable sequence of the type variety, but it is likely different enough that this will need to be elevated to species. Stay tuned. Entoloma vindobonense EU was recently described and only differs by 2-3 bp plus an ambiguous location or two. I am assuming they are distinct, but it doesn't matter as our name is older. One local collection is 4bp different from all the others, so I am looking to find that sequence again. Nolanea PNW10 - only 4 bp different in ITS from N. edulis var. concentrica, but quite distinct. It grows solitary in forests instead of in troops in grass. The cap may be paler, wavier and more striate. The stem may be paler and more striate. It is assumed, but not proven, to be not or only slightly farinaceous. Nolanea edulis © Ty Creelan (from OR) and Dean Lyons (from CA) Nolanea edulis var. concentrica © Buck McAdoo, Bitty Roy, Jonathan Frank and Yi-Min Wang Nolanea PNW10 © Yi-Min Wang (4 images)   Nolanea latifolia OR (=Entoloma fuligineocinerum) - we have the type sequence, and a few recent matching sequences. The lumpers had to give it a different name in Entoloma because Entoloma latifolia was taken. Nolanea latifolia © Gabriela d'Elia and Yi-Min Wang (3 images)   Nolanea subcapitata WA - this spring species is conical like N. holoconiota, and also without a strong odor, but the stem is longitudinally striate and not pruinose. We have a the type sequence and a number of matching WA sequences. One CA collection that keyed out to N. pseudostrictia was this species. That relationship should be investigated. Nolanea subcapitata © Richard Morrison   Entoloma cornicolor Russia (=Nolanea proxima forma inodorata CA?) - a rather small mycenoid mushroom with a deeply translucently striate, beige to yellowish brown cap with contrasting dark centre, and a polished, almost waxy stipe. Overall, it is said to resemble Nolanea cetrata, below. Our OR sequence matches the holotype sequence, but it also appears to be a macro and micro mach to Nolanea proxima, also known as Entoloma propinquum, which would be an older name. We don't have any sequences of that yet to know. Since E. cornicolor was described with little odor, I'm calling it a potential match to forma inodorata of Nolanea proxima. If it isn't, then we still need to get sequences and photos of N. proxima. Nolanea PNW11 - 5% different in ITS from N. cetrata, but with no discernable odor in our one WA collection. It was a small, pale mushroom with distant gills. Entoloma cornicolor © Connor Dooley,     Nolanea PNW11 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Nolanea strictior NY - we have more than a dozen east coast sequences, but no local collections yet to prove it is here. Nolanea subviolaceoverna WA - with the type sequence only 2 bp different from more than a dozen EU sequences of N. verna EU, this may not be a distinct species. N. verna is said to have longer spores, so this relationship should be investigated.     5. Distinctly farinaceous Nolanea fernandae EU (Pouzarella fernandae) - an unpleasant rancid farinaceous odor and a scurfy cap, which helped place it in Pouzarella, but we have a bunch of EU sequences that show us it is a Nolanea. One OR collection matches those sequences. Nolanea fernandae © Connor Dooley   Nolanea cetrata EU - this is often found in the spring. It is not conical, and usually has a distinct farinaceous odor. Largent examined collections with 3 ranges of spore sizes and number of spores per basidia, and described forma mediospora from WA and forma minimospora from CA, but EU sequences of the type form, Russian and a half dozen PNW sequences of unidentified forms, and the paratype sequence of forma minimospora from WA all match within a single base pair, so I do not think the forms have any genetic significance. Nolanea PNW01 - three recent sequences (OR + WA) are a unique species, two of them found in grass, at least once in fall and once in spring. One collection was strongly farinaceous dried. Perhaps it is one of the below poorly understood species. Nolanea PNW12 - close to Nolanea cuspidifera EU, we have one WA collection and it smelled farinaceous when dried. Nolanea cetrata © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     Nolanea PNW01 © Tom Bruns (2 images) and Yi-Min Wang,     N. PNW12 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Nolanea hebes EU - We have a dozen EU sequences all within 4 bp of each other, but we need local collections. Perhaps reports of this were really the sister species Entoloma leptopus. Entoloma leptopus EU - thought by some to be a synonym of N. hebes, but it is distinct, and one WA collection matches its official EU sequences, and not sequences of N. hebes. Perhaps reports of N. hebes in the PNW represent this instead. It does not have a name in Nolanea. Nolanea tenella is thought by some to be an older name, but it's unclear what that really is. 'Entoloma' leptopus © Matthew Koons   Nolanea hirtipes EU - a sharply conical cap, very long and slender stem that can stain brown, and strong rancid-farinaceous odor make this is an attractive, distinctive Nolanea. Some EU sequences match ours almost exactly, even though in the EU it is said to typically have a darker cap and not stain in the stem. Nolanea 'hirtipes PNW02' - 6 bp different in ITS, but quite small in comparison. It still has the conical cap and very long stem, but has a strongly striate cap and fewer gills. It is only 4 bp different than Entoloma kristiansenii. Nolanea hirtipes © Yi-Min Wang,     N. 'hirtipes PNW02' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) and David Largent   Nolanea incanosquamulosa WA (=Entoloma brunneosericeum EU?) - we have the type sequence and a recent matching sequence. The more recently described Entoloma brunneosericeum from the EU has an type sequence that only differs by 1 bp and may be a newer synonym. It is said to be found in prairie soils and may not be that rare, just overlooked. Nolanea incanosquamulosa © Sadie Hickey   Nolanea obscurata WA - we have the type sequence, but no photos yet. It is 3% different from Nolanea cetrata in ITS.   Nolanea sericea EU - in grass, a dark robust species, umbonate, farinaceous. One WA sequence matches the EU epitype sequence, but I'd expect we'd have many sequences of this by now given how abundant it supposedly is. We should investigate how common it really is. Nolanea fusciceps WA - an ITS1 sequence of a 1925 collection that is the type (or might as well be) is 3 bp different than N. sericea, but distinct. One recent CA collection was photographed and sequenced, providing ITS2. Nolanea sericea (2 images) © Eric Chandler,     N. fusciceps from CA © Julien Pometta     6. unknown odor so far Nolanea cuspidifera EU - not previously known in the PNW, but one OR collection in sphagnum moss is a good match to that species and matches one EU sequence labeled by that name. Nolanea solstitialis EU - one WA sequence is 1 bp different than a trusted EU sequence. But see below Nolanea subsolstitialis WA - Largent described this new species from WA as much like N. solstitialis, but did not report N. solstitialis from the PNW. We need the type sequence or other collections of N. subsolstitialis to verify that it is indeed different than N. solstitialis, given that we have found a local collection with DNA so close to N. solstitialis. Nolanea cuspidifera © Connor Dooley,     Nolanea solstitialis © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Nolanea terrea EU (=Entoloma ortonii EU) - while most local sequences appeared to be a sister species, two WA collections are a good match for the real Nolanea terrea, although they look different. Reschki synonmized it with the older Entoloma ortonii, but that doesn't have an equivalent name in Nolanea. Nolanea 'terrea PNW06' - one WA, OR, and CA collection each have a sequence 5-7 bp and a couple of indels different than almost a dozen EU and ENA sequences of N. terrea. It was farinaceous. 'Entoloma' pygmaeopapillatum EU - one ID collection has a unique look, this is in the N. terrea group. It doesn't have a name in Nolanea. Nolanea 'psammophilohebes PNW08' - three OR sequences are between 3 and 6 bp different from the type sequence of Entoloma psammophilohebes. It should be investigated if ours is the same species, and if so, would need to be renamed to Nolanea. Nolanea terrea © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) and Matthew Koons,     Nolanea 'terrea PNW06' © Yi-Min Wang (from WA) and David Largent (from CA),     'Entoloma' pygmaeopapillatum © Ed Barge Nolanea 'psammophilohebes PNW08' © Jonathan Frank (2 images)   Nolanea 'conica PNW07' - sequenced twice from WA, 4% different from the type of Entoloma alboumbonatum NC, which is thought to be a synonym of Nolanea conica. If that's true, ours is a probably a sister species. Nolanea lucida UK - one WA sequence is within 2 bp and 2 indels of the type collections of Nolanea lucida UK and its synonym Nolanea conicosericeum EU. The odor of Entoloma lucidum is described unhelpfully as "slight, farinaceous or rancid". Nolanea 'lucida PNW09' - a single WA sequence came back 3 bp and 4 indels different from the ITS type sequence of Entoloma lucidum. Our one collection had a flat cap in age (ironic, since a newer synonym is Entoloma conicosericeum) with a dark centre. Nolanea CA11 - one CA and one WA collection, this one is can be rather Mycena-like. The CA collection was odorless.   Nolanea 'conica PNW07' © Yi-Min Wang,     N. lucida © Yi-Min Wang,     N. 'lucida PNW09' © Yi-Min Wang,     N. CA11 © Harte Singer and Yi-Min Wang     Little known species without any DNA yet. The ones described from the west are definitely here. Nolanea fructifragrans WA - unique sweet/floral fruity odor instead of the usual farinaceous or mild odor.   Not farinaceous Nolanea californica CA - Nolanea fusco-ortonii CA - Nolanea minutostriata CA - Nolanea occidentalis WA (=Entoloma seattlense WA, =E. washingtonense WA) - Nolanea papillatoides CA (=N. pseudopapillata Largent CA) -N. pseudopapillata was already taken (can you believe that?) so it had to be renamed. Nolanea proxima forma inodorata CA - see above, this seems similar to Entoloma cornicolor. Nolanea pseudostrictior CA (Nolanea pseudostrictia?) - when the name Nolanea strictia was corrected to N. strictior, some said this name should be corrected too. Nolanea undatomarginata CA (=N. undulata Largent) - the first name for it, N. undulata, was already taken so it was renamed.   Farinaceous Nolanea farinogusta EU - Nolanea proxima forma proxima (=Entoloma propinquum CA) - The name Entoloma proximum was already taken, so the lumpers had to come up with a unique name in Entoloma. See above, this seems similar to Entoloma cornicolor.

Leptonia - click to expand These beautiful scaly capped blue to purple-black mostly slender mushrooms are hard to distinguish from 'Cyanula', the group of Leptonias that have to be split into a new genus. The true Leptonia are more likely to be found attached to wood, which does not as typically happen with Cyanula, which are more likely to be reported in grass. However, both genera are commonly reported from the forest floor. Also, Leptonia caps are usually the same kind of scaly throughout the cap, although the scales can be more concentrated on the disc. Cyanula caps can be scaly on the disc, but more fibrillose or even smooth towards the edge. Finally, unlike Cyanula, Leptonia usually have clamps in the cap cuticle. Thanks to Ben McCormick's 2021 bachelor's thesis that incorporated DNA, Leptonia are some of the best understood Entolomas in the PNW. Leptonia has only two local species that are not blue at least somewhere on the fruiting body. Species mentioned: Leptonia cyanea var. occidentalis, tjallingiorum var. laricinum, insueta, lampropus, subeuchroa, convexa, zanthophylla, occidentalis, occidentalis var. metallica, occidentalis var. fibrillosipes,  coelestina, subcoelestina, violacea, dichroa, subgracilis, violaceonigra, pleopodia. Entoloma kauffmanii.   Non-blue Leptonias Leptonia pleopodia EU - this olive-yellow-brown species really resembles something in the 'Cyanula' formosa group and I do not yet know how to differentiate it. This too can have a striate, hygrophanous cap. A paper about Nolanea was published formally naming this odd section of mushrooms, Ameides, as a section of Leptonia, and providing sequences of different species allowing us to match ours to Leptonia pleopodia. This section is sister to the rest of Leptonia and contains some non-blue mushrooms. You could even make an argument that because of that, this mushroom deserves its own genus. Leptonia PNW01 - this brown mushroom also looks like a Cyanula, but does not appear to have a striate, hygrophanous cap. However, it has a long, thin stipe and the gills are arcuate, which is distinctive. It appears to be in its own section of Leptonia, that will need a name. Leptonia pleopodia © Danny Miller,     Leptonia PNW01 © Connor Dooley   Non-slender species growing directly on rotten wood. Leptonia tjallingiorum var. laricinum Russia (=L. cyanea var. occidentalis CA) - growing on rotten conifer wood, capable of being our largest Leptonia. The stem is fibrillose and the cap usually has some brown tones, at least around the edge. The gills are usually white. DNA showed that we do not appear to have the type variety of L. tjallingiorum in the PNW, but instead the very similar var. laricinum, although it does not necessarily grow with larch. L. cyanea var. occidentalis is a newer synonym, sharing the same ITS DNA and had been tentatively separated out as a unique species based on slight differences in colour and odor. Leptonia violaceonigra WA - said to be a medium sized, pure blue species with bluish young gills growing on rotten wood. We do not have any sequences and need local collections. Leptonia tjallingiorum var. laricinum © Andrew Parker and Jonathan Frank (2 images)   These are exceptionally small species that are pure blue, growing on the ground. Leptonia coelestina EU - a very small species (caps 1cm across and stems 1mm thick) with white young gills. It grows on the ground sometimes in moss or grass, not on wood. Rare clamps in the cap cuticle. We have Russian DNA of this EU species, but it has not been sequenced locally. We need collections. Leptonia subcoelestina WA - very similar to L. coelestina, but with a blue tinge to the young gills. No clamps in the cap cuticle (but clamps are found elsewhere). We still do not have DNA of this species yet and need collections to show that it indeed is distinct from L. coelestina. Leptonia violacea EU (=Entoloma kauffmanii EU) - also very similar to L. coelestina, with white young gills and more abundant clamps in the cap cuticle. We do not have any sequences yet from anywhere to know what this is or if it really occurs in the PNW as reported. We need collections.   Somewhat slender species that are usually pure blue, growing on the ground. Leptonia dichroa EU - Ben's study found this species for the first time in the PNW. It is a slender species that has a granular or fibrillose bluish cap (not truly scaly) that is often a different shade of blue from the stem. It grows on the ground, not on wood. Leptonia occidentalis var. occidentalis OR - a somewhat slender species with a striking dark steel blue-black cap and stem without brown tones. The gills are usually bluish when young as well. It grows on the ground, not on wood. This variety has a bald stem and lilac young gills. We believe we now have ITS DNA of this very rare local species. Leptonia occidentalis var. metallica WA (=Leptonia occidentalis var. fibrillosipes WA) - this variety has a fibrillose stem and bluish-grey young gills. These two additional varieties were described based on slight differences in spore size and the fact that the former variety had a more iridescent stem, but a collection matching each had the same ITS DNA so the two varieties are being synonymized. Leptonia tjallingiorum var. laricinum © Jessica Javor,     L. occidentalis var. occidentalis © Scott Loring and Drew Henderson Leptonia occidentalis var. metallica © Ben McCormick and Joe Matanzas These species have at least a hint of brown or grey in the caps, which are not pure blue. Growing on wood or the ground. Leptonia lampropus EU var. insueta WA - a slender species with a mostly brown cap perhaps with orange tones, and a dark blue stem with occasional black scales. It grows on duff or woody debris. L. insueta was provisionally reduced to a variety of L. lampropus, as their ITS DNA is within 1% of each other and their features are practically identical except for geographic range. Leptonia subeuchroa OR (=Leptonia convexa CA (Entoloma largentii), =Leptonia zanthophylla WA) - a slender species with some red-brown tones on the disc only in age (the rim stays blue). The young gills are whitish and it may grow on wood or on the ground. This seems to be our least uncommon species. L. subeuchroa is described from mossy logs and L. convexa from soil, but numerous sequences from both substrates have the same ITS sequence. L. zanthophylla is like L. convexa but with pale yellow gills and some microscopic differences, but sequences of collections matching that description are also the same. Leptonia subgracilis WA - greyish-brown cap with no blue on the rim that is concentrically grooved and the usual blue stem. It grows on humus not on wood. We don't have the type sequence but we think we have one ITS1 sequence of what is probably this species, except for the fact that our collection didn't have the tomentose stem apex. It would be nice to find and sequence a collection with that character to double check. Leptonia approximatum from northern CA differs only by more sharply angled spores and is to be look for here too.     Leptonia lampropus var. insueta © Ben McCormick,     L. subeuchroa © Yi-Min Wang,     L. subgracilis © A & O Ceska

Cyanula - click to expand Cyanula needs to be split from Leptonia, but the genus hasn't formally been erected yet. These colourful, scaly capped mostly slender mushrooms are hard to distinguish from Leptonia when they are blue. Other colours besides blue are typically not found in Leptonia, only two local species are not blue. It should be noted that even brown Cyanula have interesting pigments that makes them recognizable and stand out as from among all the "ordinary" brown mushrooms of the world. Cyanula are typically found on the ground, sometimes in grass, whereas Leptonia are more often found attached to wood and aren't as often reported from grass. However, both genera are commonly reported from the forest floor. Cyanula caps can be scaly on the disc, but more fibrillose or even smooth towards the edge, whereas Leptonia caps are usually the same kind of scaly throughout the cap. Finally, unlike Leptonia, Cyanula don't have clamps in the cap cuticle. Species mentioned: Leptonia acutoumbonata, albida, albinella, anatina, asprella, atrifucata, badissima var. badissima, badissima var. longisporum, caesiocincta, chalybea, coacta, decolorans, decolorans forma cystidiosa, earlei, exalbida, exilis, foliocontusa, formosa, formosa var. microspora, fuligineomarginata, gracilipes, grisea, incana, lividocyanula, lutulenta, microspora, nigrosquamosa var. californica, ovatospora, parva, pseudobulbipes, rectangula, rosea var. marginata, rostrata, serrulata, sodalis, striatula forma farinacea, strictipes, subnigra, subrubinea, subviduense, subviduense var. marginata, trichomata, turci, umbilicata, undulatella. Entoloma hesleri, subfurfuraceum, squamatum, nigroviolaceum var. striatulum, unbiliciforme.     Sequenced local collections - unnamed species could be one of the reported species in the unsequenced section below.   Blue cap and stem Cyanula 'serrulata PNW07' complex - blue/black marginate gill edges like the EU species Cyanula serrulata, but we have DNA of that and this is not it. This species has been collection with varying levels of gill margination - not at all, marginate only near the rim and entirely marginate. It has also been collected both on wood (unusual for Cyanula) and not on wood. All sequences have practically identical ITS. Perhaps the amount of margination is environmental and not genetic. Does C. serrulata occur here too, as reported? It hasn't been verified so far. C. caesiocincta below has a mostly brown cap and marginate gills. Some collections differ by 5 bp in ITS from the others. However, only 2 of those differences are completely distinct. One collection has 3 ambiguous locations with both values in 3 of the 5 places that differ. The collection with ambiguous locations could show that it is all one species, however, it could also show that there are 2 species and it is a hybrid of the two, since there is a clear distinction - all members of the first clade have the same value in each of the 3 ambiguous locations, and all members of the second clade have the other value. It is not random. Cyanula PNW04 - lacks the strongly coloured gill edges (but a slight gill margination should be investigated as a couple photos appear to show that and it is closely related to C. serrulata). Unlike other Cyanula, has been found growing on rotten wood in 2 of the four collections. Cyanula PNW05 - one WA and one OR sequence are unique, and were incorrectly labeled Leptonia convexa, which may mean this species has a blue cap that fades to brown in places, while still retaining some blue colours. No known photos. Cyanula PNW08 cf atrifucata WA/cf foliocontusa CA/cf striatula forma farinacea WA (=Entoloma nigroviolaceum UK var. striatulum TN forma farinacea WA) - four OR collections, with at least one of each of these three names, had the same sequence. It is not known which species they actually are (or if it's none of the above). All three have been locally reported and we need reliable collections of each of them. We may know C. foliocontusa and it is described below under "brown capped species". Cyanula PNW06 cf rectangula CA - one OR sequence with this name has a unique sequence. We need to figure out what it is, and if it's not C. rectangula, what that species' sequence actually looks like as it has been reported locally. It has an almost black cap and stem. Cyanula 'corvina PNW12' - a unique sequence from WA, a sister species to Entoloma corvinum EU. It is so well decorated it almost looks like a Leptonia. Cyanula 'corvina PNW15' - another species in this group (differing mostly in ITS1) is striking. One collection from OR. Cyanula 'corvina CA14' - another species in this group. Other CA sequenced collections show blue on the cap and stem when fresh, but these colours seem to fade as our one WA collection is brown. Cyanula 'serrulata PNW07' (on rotten wood) © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     C. PNW04 © Steve Ness,     C. 'corvina PNW12' © Matthew Koons,     C. 'corvina PNW15' © Connor Dooley Cyanula 'corvina CA14' © Steve Ness   Brown cap, blue stem Cyanula PNW03 - a single WA collection that had a striate cap. Cyanula PNW09 - not all photos looked like the same species, one was striate and entirely orange, but most resemble the photos and seem less striate than PNW03. It is known from BC through CA. Entoloma callipygmaeum Russia - doesn't have a name in Cyanula. One WA collection in a black muck bog and another CA collection have a brown pleated cap with a dark disc and a dark blue stem (darker than the others). Cyanula PNW13 - one ID collection. Cyanula PNW14 - one BC collection matching a CA collection. Several other CA collections have similar, but distinct ITS and morphology and may represent more species in this group. Cyanula foliocontusa CA var. discolor CA - relatively stocky, scaly cap starts out with dark violet tones but fades to brown, retaining darker scales. One WA collection so far of var. discolor, with white young gills. Cyanula foliocontusa CA var. caeruleotincta CA - similar with blue young gills. No DNA yet. Cyanula PNW03 © Sharon Squazzo,     C. PNW09 © Matthew Koons (2 images),     C. PNW13 © Ed Barge Entoloma callipygmaeum PNW03 © Steve Ness (2 images),     C. PNW14 © Luke Mikler,     C. foliocontusa var. discolor © Steve Ness   Orange/brown cap and stem Cyanula formosa EU - perhaps not umbilicate, so far as seen. EU and ENA and WNA sequences all seem to agree what this species is. One ID collection was bright, bright orange! Cyanula formosa var. microspora CA - with smaller spores, the type still needs to be sequenced to see if it is genetically distinct from the type variety. It's possible it could be PNW10 or PNW11. Cyanula PNW10 -  One OR sequence differs by 3% in ITS1 but very little in ITS2. I need to check the spore size. Cyanula PNW11 - One OR sequence differs by >3% from the others. At (9.6) 10.2 - 11.3 (12.3) × (5.8) 6.7 - 8 µm, the spores seem to match var. microspora. Cyanula 'formosa CA01' - two sequences from WA (and many from CA) are 3% different from the others. The spores seemed roughly the same size as in Cyanula formosa, and it perhaps can be umbilicate. Cyanula PNW01 - smaller than C. formosa and umbilicate. Not all photos of this species looked the same, one had a brown cap and blue stem and should be double checked. Cyanula exalbida CA - a tan translucent striate cap and a white to pale orange stem, with some scales on the cap. We have a CA sequence by the author that very probably is this species, and now we have matching DNA from WA. Cyanula PNW16 - another striate cap species known from one OR collection. Cyanula cf avellaneosquamosa TN - known in the west from one WA collection in a high elevation meadow, matching ENA type area collections that seem to be this. It has scales that blacken, and when dried the whole mushroom blackened. Cyanula formosa © Yi-Min Wang,     Cyanula 'formosa PNW10' © Connor Dooley,     Cyanula 'formosa PNW11' © Jordan Gates C. 'formosa CA01' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     Cyanula PNW01 © Buck McAdoo and Yi-Min Wang 'Cyanula' exalbida © David Largent (from CA) and Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     C. PNW16 © Connor Dooley,     C. avellaneosquamosa © Steve Ness   Species reported from the PNW without local DNA yet (unnamed species above could be one of these. All species are currently named Leptonia and/or Entoloma)   Green stem Cyanula incana EU - we have EU and ENA sequences that match, but no local DNA yet.   Pink cap and stem Cyanula rosea ENA? var. marginata WA - Cyanula subrubinea CA -   Blue cap and stem Cyanula chalybea var. chalybea EU - I have official EU sequences to compare to and we haven't found this DNA here yet. Cyanula decolorans forma cystidiosa TN - Cyanula decolorans forma decolorans NZ - no ITS, but other genes might be available Cyanula nigrosquamosa TN var. californica CA - no ITS, but other genes might be available Cyanula parva NY - Cyanula subviduensis var. marginata CA - Cyanula subviduensis var. subviduensis CA -   Almost black cap and stem Cyanula subnigra FL - Cyanula trichomata WA - no ITS   Brown cap, blue stem Cyanula caesiocincta EU - black marginate gill edges, cap mostly brown with some blue on the rim. One Kokkonen sequence may represent this. Cyanula acutoumbonata WA - Cyanula anatina EU - we have one short purported sequence that might be from the UK to compare to Cyanula asprella EU - we have 2 competing sequences, maybe from the UK, as to what this might be Cyanula coacta WA - Cyanula gracilipes MA - Cyanula lividocyanula UK - Cyanula microspora WA - Cyanula sodalis EU -   White species (easily confused with Alboleptonia, but those have clamps in the cap cuticle which is composed of entangled hyphae instead of erect hyphal hairs) Cyanula albida NC (=Entoloma hesleri?) - I should note that there is confusion over two mushrooms named Entoloma albidum, one of which needed changing to Entoloma hesleri. I'm currently following IF in thinking that ours is E. hesleri, especially since a sequence we have labeled E. albidum is in section Rhodopolia and not Cyanula. Cyanula albinella NY - we have a TN sequence purporting to be this to compare to   Orange/brown cap and stem Cyanula fuligineomarginata NY - reddish brown, the others are mostly brown, but an "interesting" brown. Cyanula badissima var. badissima and var. longisporum WA - Cyanula exilis EU - no ITS, but other genes might be available Cyanula earlei Cuba (=Entoloma subfurfuraceum Cuba) - Cyanula grisea NY (=Entoloma squamatum NY) - Cyanula lutulenta CO - Cyanula ovatospora WA - Cyanula pseudobulbipes WA - Cyanula rostrata WA - Cyanula strictipes MA - Cyanula turci EU - EU + Asia + NA sequences seem to match, no local sequences yet Cyanula umbilicata NY (=Entoloma umbiliciforme NY) - Cyanula undulatella NY -

Alboleptonia - click to expand Slender, all white mushrooms. Rarely, a Cyanula will be all white, but those lack clamps in the cap cuticle and don't have a cap cuticle of entangled hyphae, but instead of erect hyphal ends) Species mentioned: Alboleptonia earlei, ochracea, sericella var. lutescens, adnatifolia   Alboleptonia 'sericella PNW01' (A. sericella var. lutescens EU misapplied?, =A. adnatifolia CA?) - usually with a somewhat fibrillose cap. It is said to discolour yellow, our least uncommon species is said to be A. sericella var. lutesens EU, but a sequence of what is probably our most common species does not match a couple of EU sequences purporting to be the type variety of A. sericella. This probably means that our species needs a new name. Alboleptonia adnatifolia CA is a name that is currently assumed to be a synonym of A. sericella, but perhaps it is the correct name for this or another of our Alboleptonias. Alboleptonia ochracea WA - said to discolour orange-brown. A collection matching this description from CA was sequenced, so we might have a sequence of this now. We need local collections. Alboleptonia earlei Cuba - said to remain white and not discolour. We have no sequences at all yet from anywhere, nor any photos. Alboleptonia PNW02 - two WA collections don't quite match anything else. The first collection appeared to have a smoother cap than the other species, with a fragile stem, and somewhat resembled Alboleptonia subsericella CT but we don't have any sequences of that yet. The second collection was more typical of A. adnatifolia. Alboleptonia PNW03 - one WA collection is almost 1% different in ITS from PNW02. Alboleptonia IN23 - known only from ENA until an OR sequence showed up. The collections look quite different, unfortunately. Alboleptonia 'sericella PNW01' © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     A. cf. ochracea from CA © Joann Olson,     A. PNW02 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) Alboleptonia PNW03 © Matthew Koons,     A. IN23 © Steven Russell (from IN) and Connor Dooley (from OR)

Prunuloides - click to expand A large, viscid, blue, farinaceous Entoloma., our largest blue species. Our second largest blue species, Entocybe nitidum, is not viscid. The cap and stem are usually blue, but the colour may fade in age to brown, making it hard to identify. Rarely, it seems to fruit lacking any blue pigmentation even from the start. Entocybe seems to be near this clade in multi-gene studies, even though it is not so in my ITS only tree. This would mean one could consider Prunuloides and Entocybe as a single genus or section if one wanted to. Species mentioned: Entoloma bloxamii, medianox, madidum, caesiolamellatum   'Prunuloides' medianox CA - still officially in the genus Entoloma. Previously this has incorrectly been called Entoloma bloxamii and Entoloma madidum, which are similar EU species that have not been found here. California has a second species that is also blue in the gills, a sister species of the EU species 'Entoloma' caesiolamellatum, which should be looked for in the PNW. unsequenced 'Entoloma' medianox © Noah Siegel,     'Entoloma' medianox © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History

Entocybe - click to expand Entocybe nitida has a beautiful blue opaque cap and stem. It is medium sized with a dry cap and little odor, smaller than the large 'Prunuloides' medianox (with a viscid cap and stronger farinaceous odor) but larger than the many blue Leptonia and 'Cyanula'. Entocybe trachyospora complex members are smaller with a pointy translucent cap, and may have a hint of blue in the cap and a bent, silver-blue, striate stem. When all the blue is faded it is difficult to separate from Nolanea, and when it hasn't, it is difficult to separate from Leptonia and 'Cyanula'. Some species have no blue and are rather non descript and difficult to place in this section. The almost black, fibrillose capped Inocephalus minutopilus WA 1994 is closest to this genus. Entocybe seems to be near Prunuloides in multi-gene studies, even though it isn't so in my ITS only trees. This would mean one could consider Prunuloides and Entocybe as a single genus or section, if one wanted to. Species mentioned: Entocybe nitidum, trachyospora. Inocephalus minutopilus. Rhodocybe speciosa.   Entocybe nitida EU - local collections from BC and WA match EU DNA. Entocybe trachyospora WA complex - although four varieties are described with varying amounts of blue, all ITS DNA so far is basically identical. If you find a collection of a variety that is not represented here, save it so we can see if any of the varieties have unique DNA. They have not all been systematically tested yet. Entocybe PNW01 - a surprise sequence under oak from OR is a new species in this genus. It seems to be more striate than the others, but will be easily confused with Cyanula and Leptonia. Inocephalus minutopilus WA 1994 - cap almost black and fibrillose. We have a type sequence, and it is 5 bp different than the type sequence of Entoloma mirum, which has been synonymized with the older E. juniperinum, so those are closely related (but distinct, and different looking) species. As to what genus it belongs in, it is next to Entocybe, closer than Prunuloides is to Entocybe. Entocybe speciosa WA - originally a Rhodocybe, but the current thinking is that it is an Entocybe. It is tricholomatoid with a hygrophanous, tan, non-striate cap and a light yellow to pale orange stem, growing on wood. The spores are only angled in polar view, which is why it was originally placed in Rhodocybe, but now it is known that Entocybe spores can have that character too. We have no DNA yet. Entocybe nitida © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) Entocybe trachyospora © iNaturalist user mdziak, Danny Miller and Yi-Min Wang (2 images) Entocybe PNW01 © Mike Potts

Claudopus and Paraeccilia - click to expand Claudopus contains the oyster style Entolomas on wood with strongly and obviously angular spores. (Clitopilus contains the pink spored oyster mushrooms with more subtly angled spores). DNA is showing us that the concept of Claudopus may need to be expanded to include at least some omphalinoid Entolomas on the ground (the type species of Paraeccilia may be inside Claudopus). The odd "galled" parasite Entoloma abortivum is also inside Claudopus. Species mentioned: Claudopus byssisedus, byssisedus var. microspora, parasiticus. Paraeccilia minutissima, nucisapora, perundata, rusticoides, sericeonitida var. sericeonitida, sericeonitida var. ligniphila. Entoloma abortivum.   Claudopus 'byssisedus PNW01' - a farinaceous, fibrillose little brown oyster with an overlying whitish to greyish fibrillose layer, with tufts of rhizomorphs at the base of the eccentric stem. Different EU sequences are clearly different species, and our one WA sequence doesn't match any of them and likely needs it own name. It seems genuinely whitish, so we should consider that more species may be hiding here under that name and get more collections. Claudopus parasiticus EU - supposedly the fibrillose little grey oyster species that grows on chanterelles from a white mycelial mat, but we have no idea yet what its DNA looks like. We need local collections with large spores (see below). Claudopus 'byssisedus var. microsporus' EU - has smaller spores than the above two species. Two local sequences supposedly of Claudopus parasiticus from OR match EU sequences of C. byssisedus var. microsporus exactly (and are 4 bp from Chinese sequences). Perhaps this is the proper identity of our local collections of C. parasiticus and our local spore size has not been properly checked, or perhaps there is more than one species here or perhaps they are the same species (although that would surprise me). One was growing on a chanterelle, as expected, but the other was just a fuzzy white mycelial mat on a Suillellus (no fruiting bodies). This sequence is not near any of the candidates for Claudopus byssisedus, so it needs promotion to species level. Claudopus 'byssisedus PNW01' © Andrew Parker,     Claudopus 'byssisedus var. microsporus' on a chanterelle and as fuzz on a Suillus © Jenny Lippert and Jonathan Frank   'Entoloma' cremeoalbum EU - an omphalinoid mushroom described from grasses but found once in OR in sphagnum moss. It is a slightly pinkish, pale omphalinoid. Sequences of the very similar 'Entoloma' neglectum are almost identical to the type sequence of E. cremeoalbum. It should be ruled out that that is not an older name for E. cremeoalbum. 'Entoloma' cremeoalbum © Connor Dooley   'Entoloma' abortivum New England - recognized by some odd gall-like fruit bodies and some regular fruit bodies, the regular fruitbodies having decurrent gills. This species appears to interact with Armillaria, probably parasitically. One OR sequence matches an east coast sequence so it seems we do have this species here, but it probably needs to be moved to Claudopus. 'Entoloma' abortivum regular and odd form © Jonathan Frank   Paraeccilia sericeonitida EU - one sequence with this name suggests that it may be inside Claudopus. Other Paraeccilia sequences may be elsewhere. We need local and EU collections to make this determination. Paraeccilia rusticoides EU - no sequences yet from anywhere to verify reports that this species occurs here.   The following are locally described and therefore do occur here, but we need sequences of all of them to verify what genus they are in and that they are all distinct. Paraeccilia sericeonitida var. ligniphila ID - Paraeccilia minutissima WA - Paraeccilia nucisapora WA - Paraeccilia perundata CA - not exactly locally described, but it has been reported from ID.

Pouzarella - click to expand Small, conical, fibrillose, usually unpleasant smelling mushrooms that resemble dark Nolaneas. The stem base is usually strigose. Microscopically, the cap hyphae have incrusted, thickened, brownish walls.   Species mentioned: Pouzarella alissae, fernandae, fulvostrigosa, versatilis.   Pouzarella 'versatilis PNW01' - while it had a sequence unlike other sequences with this name, this collection from BC was originally identified as P. versatilis. It's unknown if reports of that EU species are represented by this sequence, or if that species should still be looked for. Pouzarella fulvostrigosa UK - two additional Pouzarellas which have been reported from the PNW, but there is no DNA data yet. We need collections. Pouzarella fernandae EU - it turns out this scurfy capped unpleasant smelling species is a Nolanea and is covered there. Pouzarella PNW02 - sequenced once from OR and once from WA. Pouzarella alissae CA - previously only known from CA, but now sequenced from OR. Pouzarella 'versatilis PNW01' © Steve Joya,     P. PNW02 © Matthew Koons and Connor Dooley,     P. alissae © Connor Dooley

Trichopilus - click to expand Scaly/fibrillose caps, characters also found sometimes in Inocephalus/Rhombisporum and Pouzarella, but Trichopilus have distinctive cap cystidia not found in those other genera. Trichopilus may not be monophyletic, the species may represent more than one genus (or section of Entoloma, depending on how you see things). Species mentioned: Trichopilus jubatus, plebeioides.   Trichopilus cf jubatus EU - Trichopilus2 cf plebeioides EU - in the second clade of Trichopilus. Both species have been reported from the PNW, but we need local collections to confirm them. One possible collection of T. plebeioides was sequenced from CA, matching an unconfirmed sequence from Lebanon. Trichopilus cf. plebeioides © Harte Singer

Caeruleopolitum, Cocles, Inocephalus, Rhombisporum, etc. - click to expand Fibrillose caps, with what is referred to as a scummy disc. Pouzarella and Trichopilus caps also have fibrillose/scaly caps. Formerly all placed in Inocephalus, it is now known that some species belong in a separate genus, which I am calling Rhombisporum. Rhombisporum is currently only a section of Entoloma and for those who do not lump every species on this page into Entoloma, it still needs to be promoted to genus. Inocephalus may not be monophyletic, those species may represent more than one genus (or section of Entoloma, depending on how you see things). Species mentioned: Inocephalus appressus, azureus, fabaceolus, furfuraceidiscus, minutopilus, perfuscus, rhombisporus, rigidipus. Entoloma cocles.   Cocles 'Cocles' PNW01 - DNA shows that this species and Entoloma cocles are basal to Rhombisporum, meaning it's unclear if they should be part of Rhombisporum or a separate genus/section. For now I treat them separate. They are usually very dark species with blackish-brown fibrillose caps and grey stems (although a CA collection is tan coloured like Rhombisporum PNW02 below). Microscopically, these two species have heterodiametric spores, meaning they are not "roundish" like true Rhombisporum species, but "elliptical" with a length/width ratio of >1.25 (but the angles on the spores complicate things and make words like "round" and "ellipse" not really apply). Previously, no species was known closer than 18% different in ITS from E. cocles, until this species showed up, only differing by 10-12%. Cocles minimus CA (=Inocephalus minimus, =Entoloma davidlargentii) - known only from CA so far 'Cocles' PNW01 © Buck McAdoo   Rhombisporum Rhombisporum rigidipus CA (=Inocephalus rigidipus) - formerly PNW02. WA and CA sequences are clearly inside Rhombisporum. They match the holotype for Inocephalus rigidipus CA (=Entoloma rigidipus). So this species is now considered Entoloma rigidipus by the lumpers and Rhombisporum rigidipus by the splitters. 'Rhombisporum' (Inocephalus) rhombisporus EU - we have a neotype sequence, and it is the type species of section Rhombisporum. It was reported throughout the PNW, but no local DNA yet. 'Rhombisporum' cremeoluteus CA (=Inocephalus cremeoluteus) - known only from CA so far Rhombisporum CA03, CA04, CA05, CA06 - only known from CA so far.   Rhombisporum rigidipus © Fred Rhoades,     'Rhombisporum' CA03 © David Largent (from CA)   Caeruleopolitum 'Inocephalus' ('Caeruleopolitum') minutopilus WA 1994 - we have a type sequence, and it is 5 bp different than the type sequence of Entoloma mirum, which has been synonymized with the older E. juniperinum, so it is closely related to that species, although there are differences in colour and texture. As to what genus it belongs in, it is in section Caeruleopolitum.   Unknown Entolomataceae PNW10 - this interesting small species appears to be in a genus/section of its own, and needs a multi-gene study to place it properly. 'Inocephalus' cystomarginatus CA - also appears in a section of its own in my ITS tree and also needs multi-gene study to place it properly. So far only known from CA. Entolomataceae PNW10 © iNaturalist user fungi_fanatic   'Inocephalus' furfuraceidiscus ID - the holotype sequence can't be placed to any known genus/subgenus. One EU sequence matches it (pictured below) of a collection labeled Entoloma undulatosporum EU. 'Inocephalus' furfuraceidiscus © University of Oslo   Uncertain The following species have been described from the PNW and therefore definitely exist here, but without any DNA data on them yet, I don't yet know their proper genus/section, or even if they are all unique genetic species. It's possible one of the above unnamed species represent reports of one of the following: Inocephalus appressus WA - Inocephalus azureus WA - Inocephalus fabaceolus WA - Inocephalus perfuscus WA -

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