White spored Agaricaceae s.s.

Introduction

Lepiota and allies are known for free gills, white spores and often scales on the cap that can't be removed (unlike the similarly defined Amanitaceae that have a universal veil that may leave warts, which unlike scales, are removable). Rarely, one may have a coloured spore print or be scale-less, but for the families covered on this page, they will all have free gills. All species seem to have some sort of obvious partial veil. Species in this family often have a coloured "eye" in the cap disc where the scales are especially dense. Like Amanita, some of them have evolved to produce the deadly Amatoxin and can kill you if you eat them (but not nearly as many species as we once thought). Others are eaten regularly, especially some Shaggy Parasols (Chlorophyllum) although one species of that can be dangerously poisonous as well. While most Amanita are mycorrhizal, most 'Lepiotaceae' are saprophytic.

The 'Lepiotaceae' have been thought to be a kind of sub-family of the Agaricaceae, not considered a family in their own right because they would be paraphyletic ("inside" Agaricaceae, not "beside" or sister to it). That family is known for dark chocolate spores and free gills. However, the 'Lepiotaceae' mushrooms lost their spore colour and mostly have white spores, something that also happened to Laccaria (that too is in the dark spored clade of agarics).

We now know the picture is not as simple as there being one group of 'Lepiotas' that evolved inside the Agaricaceae. The free gilled genera are in two groups of the Agaricaceae s.l., meaning that spore pigment may have gone away in several separate evolutionary events.

Free gills - some genera are very closely related to Agaricus (Chlorophyllum, Macrolepiota, and Leucocoprinus s.l. (Leucoagaricus, Leucocoprinus, and Macropsalliota)) and are considered inside the Agaricaceae s.s. This page covers these genera. In fact, the Agaricaceae s.s.'s ancestral trait may be white spores, with Agaricus and sister genera re-acquiring spore pigment.
Free gills - Some genera are a little more distant, and considered a sister family of their own, the Verrucosporaceae (or 'Lepiotaceae') (Lepiota, Cystolepiota, Pulverolepiota, Echinoderma and Melanophyllum). While it's tempting to call them the Lepiotaceae, that family was not legally described, and for now the proper family name is the Verrucosporaceae.

There are also two similar looking groups with attached gills (think Cystoderma), once thought to be closely related to the free gilled genera but now appearing to be further away, meaning there may have been one or two additional events where spore pigment was lost. They probably did not evolve near Agaricus closely enough to have had an ancestor with free gills, so that explains the attached gilled 'Lepiotaceae' like Cystoderma.

To complicate things further, two genera re-evolved coloured spores (or never completely lost all their pigments), one in each clade - Chlorophyllum (one species has green spores) and Melanophyllum (green or red spores!). The attached gilled group also has one genus that did not completely lose its spore pigment, Phaeolepiota.

This family evolved one trufflized gastroid mushroom, Chlorophyllum (Endoptychum) agaricoides, that will not be recognizable to family. Another species, Endoptychum depressum, is actually an Agaricus and covered there as Agaricus inapertus.

Leucocoprinus and Leucoagaricus used to be separated morphologically. Leucocoprinus had a striate cap margin, a clear ring that's often movable and granular-looking scale particles. Leucoagaricus were otherwise. However, they mixed together in the tree, and they have long been known to need revision. A revision has now been made, where Leucoagaricus americanus and allies were moved to Macropsalliota, Leucoagaricus rubrotinctoides and allies stayed in Leucoagaricus, and most everything else moved to Leucocoprinus.

If there are no scales and no warts, you'll have to decide between one of the Lepiota-like genera and Amanitaceae. Leucocoprinus leucothites vs. Amanita smithiana/silvicola is an example. The two families have a slightly different look to their "free gills", a slightly different general stature (stocky vs stately), and the presence of a universal veil should be detectable in young Amanitas at least as a slight general shagginess.

abundant common uncommon rare - colour codes match my Pictorial Key and are my opinions and probably reflect my bias of living in W WA. Rare species may be locally common in certain places at certain times.

Summary of Interesting Results

Here are some of the newest, most interesting results of the study:

Leucocoprinus heinemannii has been found again and verified.
I've made an attempt to characterize macroscopically Lepiota vs Leucocoprinus s.l., which are easily confused without a microscope.
Leucocoprinus adelphicus and Leucocoprinus cupresseus from CA have been found in the PNW now, as has a sister species of the CA Leucocoprinus fuliginescens.
Leucoagaricus sp. 3, with greyish black scales uniformly distributed over the cap, is one of our most interesting newly discovered species.
Some species are actually species groups and some are sister species to their European counterparts that may need new names.

Chlorophyllum and Macrolepiota - click to expand

shaggy parasols, our largest 'Lepiotas', 20cm across or more, with a brown scaly cap and flesh that stains quickly orange when scratched (except in Macrolepiota)
white or green spore print (for one locally rare Chlorophyllum)
they have a distinctive look that can be learned.
Chlorophyllum includes one rare, local gastroid mushroom.

Species mentioned: Chlorophyllum molybdites, olivieri, brunneum, rhacodes (rachodes), agaricoides. Endoptychum agaricoides. Macrolepiota procera.

They have been well studied, and for once it is well known exactly which Chlorophyllum species occur in the PNW. Macrolepiota is a genus of similarly large mushrooms that does not occur in the PNW natively, although there are reports that cultivated Macrolepiota procera has escaped into the wild near Olympia, WA and can be found here.

Chlorophyllum molybdites Guyana - Dangerously poisonous, it is recognized by a green spore print in age, growth in grasses and gardens, and white areas between the scales. Young specimens may have white gills and not be identifiable. It is rare here, being a hot weather species, but it has made it all the way up north to Washington so far. We have a Cypress sequence (near Guyana, the type area) and many sequences from all over the world match it, although we don't have it specifically sequenced from the PNW yet.

Chlorophyllum rhacodes (rachodes) EU - Most easily confused with the poisonous C. molybdites, but this has a white spore print (as do the rest of the species in this section). When young, the caps of some of these species start out solid dark brown before they start breaking up into scales (see photo). We have many EU type area sequences and a matching WA sequence.

Chlorophyllum brunneum NA - This species is known for a very abrupt bulb at the bottom of the stem, otherwise it is similar to the other two. Worldwide sequences match each other.

Chlorophyllum molybdites © Christian Schwarz, C. rhacodes © Steve Trudell, C. brunneum © Steve Trudell

Chlorophyllum olivieri EU - This species does not have the prominent white areas between the scales, but is more of a uniform brown. Hundreds of EU type area sequences match our own sequences.

Chlorophyllum oolivieri © Steve Trudell

Chlorophyllum agaricoides Ukraine - Formerly Endoptychum agaricoides before it was realized that gastroid and truffle mushrooms don't usually deserve their own genus but are inside the genera they evolved from. It is round like a puffball. The spore mass turns yellowish brown (the DNA and the coloured spore print suggest a close relationship to C. molybdites), and it has a rudimentary stem inside, but the gills are not recognizable as such. It has evolved a strong odor of cabbage (many trufflized species need to evolve some sort of strong odor to enable them to be found by animals and dug up or opened). The ITS DNA of this species all over the world only differs by 1 or 2 bp. We have sequences of this eastern hemisphere mushroom from as close as New Mexico, so I expect our species is the same.

Chlorophyllum agaricoides © Maddox Atagi (sequenced, 2 images) and Steve Trudell (unsequenced)

Macrolepiota 'procera PNW01' - This species somewhat resembles Chlorophyllum rhacodes with scant brown scales on the cap (that is otherwise white), but it is not quite as large and does not stain orange when scratched. It is rare, with only a few reports of escaped cultivars around Olympia, WA so far. ENA sequences are about 5% different than EU type area sequences, and an AZ sequence is 5% different from both, so I bet ours is in need of a new name.

unsequenced Macrolepiota 'procera PNW01' © Buck McAdoo

Macropsalliota - click to expand

many Leucoagaricus have been moved to Leucocoprinus, which now contains many morphological forms.
Macropsalliota is the new home for Leucoagaricus americanus and Leucoagaricus meleagris, somewhat clustered mushrooms that stain several possible colours.

Species mentioned: Leucoagaricus americanus, bresadolae, meleagris.

Leucoagaricus - click to expand

many Leucoagaricus have been moved to Leucocoprinus, which now contains many morphological forms.
true Leucoagaricus typically have red/brown radiating fibrels instead of the typical scales that break up into individual scales or in concentric patterns.
some are almost pure white and easily mistaken for some Leucocoprinus.
one has evenly distributed pure black scales (not just in the "eye").
one is yellow, but not bright yellow like some Leucocoprinus.

Species mentioned: Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus, pakistaniensis, glabridiscus, purpureolilacinus. Lepiota rubrotinctoides. Leucocoprinus flavescens.

'Lepiota' rubrotinctoides WA (Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus EU misapplied) - By far the most abundant species in the group, but difficult to differentiate from the others. Reddish-brown cap fibers radiate out from the centre but do not break up into individual scales. It still needs to be moved to Leucoagaricus.

Leucoagaricus 'rubrotinctoides PNW08' - one sequence from Oregon and one from CA came out as a sister species. I don't yet know how to tell it apart from L. rubrotinctoides.

Leucoagaricus glabridiscus CA - This species is said to be bitter tasting and more delicate with a bit darker colouration. I have one sequence from OR that may be this. If not, we need to figure out what it really is and what L. glabridiscus is too.

Leucoagaricus 'pakistaniensis PNW01' - Found thrice in Washington, this sequence is 9bp and 1 indel from the type sequence of Leucoagaricus pakistaniensis Pakistan, which has a brown eye and is closely related and similar to Leucoagaricus rubrotinctoides. Our photographs show orange colours and there is a darker ring around the eye and a paler centre. The streaks are not as obvious as sometimes in L. rubrotinctoides.

Leucoagaricus PNW16 - recently sequenced from OR and WA, also with a dark eye, closest to the possible L. glabridiscus.

'Lepiota' rubrotinctoides © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History, L. 'rubrotinctoides PNW08' © Bitty Roy, L. 'pakistaniensis PNW01' © Cady Adair and Kat Gibson

Leucoagaricus PNW16 © Jonathan Frank and Sharon Squazzo

Leucoagaricus 'rubrotinctoides PNW04' - looks like the previous species, but is in a unique clade. We will need additional genes to determine if it belongs in Leucoagaricus or a different genus. Known from OR and CA.

'Leucoagaricus' 'rubrotinctoides PNW04' © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History

'Leucocoprinus' cf flavescens OH - yellow, but not quite as bright as yellow Leucocoprinus species, and often with a brownish disc and few granular scales on the cap. Something resembling this was found once in WA in a covered can outside a UW greenhouse. We need local DNA as well as a type sequence to know what this is, but back east they think they know what it is and it is inside Leucoagaricus, not Leucocoprinus.

Leucoagaricus PNW03 - Uniform blackish grey scales all over the cap. Leucocoprinus species with black scales are mostly on the disc, creating an "eye". Small to medium, as the stem seems variably stocky. Found twice in Oregon and twice in Washington.

possible Leucocoprinus flavescens from ENA © Stephen Russell, Leucoagaricus PNW03 © Danny Miller and Matthew Koons

Leucoagaricus PNW07 - a mostly white species, with small warm brown scales on the cap, found in WA and CA.

Leucoagaricus PNW13 - one CA and two OR collections, pure white.

Leucoagaricus PNW18 - known only from two BC collections, white and somewhat stocky but delicate.

Leucoagaricus PNW07 © Danny Miller, L. PNW13 © Jack Johnson, L. PNW18 © Vail Paterson

Leucocoprinus s.l. - click to expand

SMALL, delicate fruit bodies usually a striate cap margin, a clear ring that's often movable and granular-looking scale particles (the classic definition of Leucocoprinus)
LARGE mushrooms (cap ~10cm, stem 1-2cm thick) that are not Chlorophyllum nor with erect scales like Echinoderma
SMALL mushrooms (cap <5cm, stem <0.5cm thick) with a smooth stem and a ring
try here first for small mushrooms that stain red, and for those with pink, black or mostly white scales
try Lepiota first for small mushrooms with a brownish eye of concentric cap scales that do not stain red appreciably

Species mentioned: Leucoagaricus leucothites, barssii, badhamii, adelphicus, cupresseus, erythrophaeus, georginae, roseilividus, ophthalmus. Lepiota naucina, fuliginescens, pulverapella, castanescens, flammeotincta, roseifolia, decorata, atrodisca, oculata, sequoiarum. Leucocoprinus brebissonii, birnbaumii, cepistipes, ianthinus, flavescens, cretaceus, heinemannii, straminella.

Some are still officially called Lepiota or Leucoagaricus because they haven't been moved yet.

Large Leucocoprinus - click to expand

Species mentioned: Leucoagaricus leucothites, barssii, badhamii, adelphicus, cupresseus. Lepiota naucina, fuliginescens, pulverapella.

Leucocoprinus leucothites EU (Lepiota naucina) - Often white and with a smooth cap (and hard to recognize as a "Lepiota") but sometimes grey and partly scaly. The stem is clavate (wider at the bottom). There's no ITS DNA difference between the white and grey forms. A European mushroom found throughout the PNW.

Leucocoprinus barssii OR - Grey and scalier than L. leucothites, with a tapering stem bottom and an interesting ring that's like a collar and may be movable. Described from Oregon and found rarely throughout the PNW.

Leucocoprinus leucothites, smooth white and scaly grey © Steve Trudell, Leucocoprinus barssii © Steve Trudell

'Lepiota' fuliginescens CA (Leucocoprinus badhamii misapplied) - lacks the spindle shaped stem of Macropsalliota americanus, but is clavate instead. In California, they may have two cryptic species, both stocky. This has been reported from the PNW and finally a collection of clade #1 was found near Portland, OR. Lepiota fuliginescens still needs to be renamed to Leucocoprinus fuliginescens, and if clade #1 is not the real thing, this will need a new name or variety.

Leucocoprinus 'fuliginescens PNW05' - in OR, WA, and BC we have an unnamed sister species that is more slender with a long stem, with about 10 total ITS differences from the second California clade and between 2 and 5 differences from each other (plus a bunch of known alleles that make the differences look much larger, so not all of the remaining differences may be significant). As one of the smaller large species, it can be mistaken for L. castanescens below, but that species stains quickly directly to red, whereas this species stains orange (and possibly yellow or red), and stains distinctly but slowly.

Leucocoprinus adelphicus CA - uniformly dark brown, suede-like scaly cap, perhaps subtly staining red, orange or purplish at times. Also found not so uniformly brown with more subtle scales. This California mushroom was found for the first time in the PNW in 2019, at North Seattle Community College under landscaped trees and also found in a yard under an old introduced apple tree where it appears that it fruited for the very first time in 2019 as well. How interesting.

Leucocoprinus cupresseus CA - is very similar. It also has a suede-like dark brown cap like L. adelphicus, but stains red a little more easily and is perhaps a tad stockier. In CA it is almost always with Monterey cypress, but it has now been found under the related western red cedar in WA. L. adelphicus would probably be with different trees.

'Lepiota' pulverapella OR - Very similar to L. adelphicus, and may in fact be the same (or possibly L. fuliginescens since this one was reported to be able to stain yellow), but there are some subtle microscopic differences from any other known taxa that we are not going to definitely say what it is without a type sequence or further collections. Described from Oregon in 1933. It needs transferring to Leucocoprinus.

Leucocoprinus adelphicus © Mushroom Observer user Len (placeport) and Bruce Newhouse (2 images), L. cupresseus © Danny Miller

Small Leucocoprinus - click to expand

Species mentioned: Leucoagaricus erythrophaeus, georginae, roseilividus, ophthalmus. Lepiota castanescens, flammeotincta, roseifolia, decorata, atrodisca, oculata, sequoiarum. Leucocoprinus brebissonii, birnbaumii, cepistipes, ianthinus, flavescens, cretaceus, heinemannii, straminella.

classic Leucocoprinus - click to expand

small, delicate fruit bodies usually with a striate cap margin, a clear ring that's often movable and granular-looking scale particles
except for Leucocoprinus brebissonii, they are typically warm climate species found locally in potted plants or greenhouses

Species mentioned: Leucocoprinus brebissonii, birnbaumii, cepistipes, ianthinus, flavescens, cretaceus, heinemannii, straminella.

Leucocoprinus brebissonii EU - Black granular scales on the disc making an "eye". Very similar to the slightly stockier 'Lepiota' atrodisca, but never has any black on the ring. (That probably belonging in Leucoagaricus and described below in that section). It is now a wild species, found in forests. It was introduced to the PNW around 1994 and has become abundant. If it's found indoors, consider L. heinemannii, below. An EU and a WA sequence match.

Leucocoprinus cf birnbaumii EU - A bright yellow mushroom, covered in granules. Almost always found indoors or in artificially heated areas. This is a complex of species in Europe, so I don't know how many species we have or if the real thing is one of them. We need local samples.

Leucocoprinus PNW02 - while we haven't found sequences matching L. birnbaumii yet, we did get a sequence of a pale yellow indoor collection from WA, and it doesn't match any known yellow species, including Leucocoprinus straminella EU and Leucocoprinus flavescens OH.

Leucocoprinus 'cepistipes IN01' - All white, or with pale brown scales. Found both indoors and outdoors. One outdoor (from woodchips) WA sequence is 5% different in ITS from EU sequences, matching many ENA sequences, implying the NA species is an unnamed sister species. We should test a local indoor collection.

Leucocoprinus cf ianthinus UK - Purple. Found only indoors. Two asian sequences differ by 4 bp. I don't have any local or type area (UK) sequences. It seems plausible that we have the real species as it is never found in the wild.

Leucocoprinus brebissonii © Steve Trudell, L. PNW02 © Yi-Min Wang, L. 'cepistipes IN01' © Michael Beug, unsequenced L. cf. ianthinus © Steve Trudell

Other species

Josh Birkeback did a study that found three additional rare species in western Washington - to my knowledge, only one has been found since.

'Leucocoprinus' cf flavescens OH - Also yellow, but not quite as bright, and often with a brownish disc and fewer granular scales on the cap. Found once in WA in a covered can outside a UW greenhouse. We need local DNA as well as type area DNA to compare to. The current theory is that this belongs in Leucoagaricus.

Leucocoprinus cf cretaceus EU - All white with a more copious powdery covering than L. cepistipes. Found once in WA in wood chips with horse manure. We need local DNA to prove we have the real European species.

Leucocoprinus heinemannii EU - Black scaly disc, like L. brebissonii, but with larger, more fibrillose scales instead of tiny granules, and not quite as much of an "eye". It's a European species reported once in Washington in a greenhouse, and just recently found again by me in a potted plant just outside another greenhouse in Seattle.

probable 'Leucocoprinus' flavescens from ENA © Stephen Russell, L. cf cretaceus from outside North America © Daniel Winkler, L. heinemannii © Danny Miller

Red staining - click to expand
Species that turn red wherever handled or in age, sometimes dramatically so.
Species mentioned: Leucoagaricus erythrophaeus, georginae. Lepiota castanescens, flammeotincta, roseifolia.

The first time I found one and touched it, it flashed red so quickly and so brightly, I actually jumped backwards and gasped. These four species are very difficult to tell apart without a microscope, but since they are not actually sister species with each other, but sprinkled throughout the clade(s) of small Leucoagaricus, they do have microscopic differences. California has an additional half a dozen or more species not yet found in the PNW, so precise identification of these is difficult. None are common.

'Lepiota' castanescens WA - Like all the others, it has a ring on the stem and scales on the cap that turn more reddish brown over time or whenever touched. Every part turns red, and rather quickly. It has not yet been moved to Leucoagaricus castanescens. Our sequenced photo from WA is stockier than expected, almost like L. erythrophaeus.

'Lepiota' flammeotincta OR - Every part stains quickly red when touched except the gills for some reason. I've found more local sequences of this species than the other three.

Leucocoprinus erythrophaeus CA - turns quickly red everywhere and may have a sort of collar around the stem that the gills attach to, instead of going straight into the cap. It is reportedly somewhat stockier than L. castanescens. However, note that our photo of L. castanescens is fairly stocky. It was described from California, but there have been reports throughout the PNW. We need collections to see if it is really here. It has previously incorrectly gone by the name Lepiota roseifolia, an older California mushroom whose true identify is still not known for sure. At least some reports of this turned out to be Leucoagaricus 'fuliginescens PNW05' above, which is on the small end of the large Leucoagaricus (and this is on the large end of the small Leucoagaricus), but that species probably stains more slowly and to probably to yellow, orange and red.

Leucocoprinus georginae UK - This mushroom seems recently introduced to Seattle urban parks. It is said to glisten all over and turns red so easily you almost only have to look at it. It is slender like L. flammeotincta, but in urban habitats and the gills should stain too.

Leucocoprinus 'fuliginescens PNW05' - described in the large section is slender with a long stem, and stains slowly orange (and perhaps other colours are possible).

'Lepiota' castanescens © Yi-Min Wang (2 images), 'Lepiota' flammeotincta © Drew Henderson, Leucocoprinus georginae © Kate Calderwood

Pink scaly caps - click to expand
Species mentioned: Leucoagaricus roseilividus. Lepiota decorata.

'Leucoagaricus' roseilividus CA - A beautiful, delicate, lilac-pink scaled species. There may be 2 similar species in California, where it was described, but both sequences from Washington that I have match the most common California sequences, so I'm assuming we have the real species here. The one outlying California sequence has about 10 bp differences, but as a study could not find any macro, micro or habitat differences, it is for the moment officially all one species.

'Lepiota' decorata OR - A slightly stockier medium sized pink scaled species. Described from Oregon. It has yet to be moved officially to Leucoagaricus. Also, there is a second cryptic species, probably in California and perhaps into the PNW. I do not have sequences of it yet, so for now I am assuming that PNW finds are all the real thing.

'Leucoagaricus' roseilividus © Kendra Dedinsky, unsequenced 'Lepiota' decorata © Ben Woo

Black scales - click to expand
The cap scales are blackish on these species.
Species mentioned: Lepiota atrodisca

'Lepiota' atrodisca OR group (PNW09, PNW10, PNW11, PNW12, PNW14) - Black cap scales making a distinct "eye", possibly black on the ring. The first 10 sequences of this mushroom turned out to be between 5 and 10 different species (yikes!), depending on how conservative you want to be, so this is obviously a species complex. In California there are related species with shades of grey or green instead of just pure black. All these are much rarer than the very common Leucocoprinus brebissonii, which is more delicate and never has any black on its ring. So far I have unique sequences of what could be 5 different PNW species, 4 of them with photos. They all belong in Leucocoprinus, for which the proper ending would be Leucocoprinus atrodiscus.

Leucocoprinus 'atrodiscus PNW09', PNW10, and PNW12 © Ann Goddard, Jonathan Frank, and Daniel Morton

Leucocoprinus 'atrodiscus PNW14' © Heather Dawson and Bitty Roy

White or brown caps - click to expand
The caps are either pure white or have a "eye" of brown scales on the disc. Brown scales are rare in Leucoagaricus, so it is more likely that you have found Lepiota cristata, Lepiota kauffmanii or Lepiota castaneidisca instead of one of these. Check the bald stemmed, brown eyed Lepiota section as well.
Species mentioned: Leucoagaricus ophthalmus. Lepiota oculata, sequoiarum. Leucocoprinus cretaceus.

Brown eyes on a white cap
These look especially like they belong in Lepiota, which has very similar species (i.e. Lepiota cristata). Not only can you probably not tell that these are Leucocoprinus instead of Lepiota without a microsocope, you probably can't tell the three of them apart without one either.
'Lepiota' oculata OR - Reddish brown cap scales forming a prominent eye on the disc. Not staining red. Described from Oregon. It belongs in Leucocoprinus. We have one photographed, sequenced collection from WA.

Leucocoprinus ophthalmus CA - Differs microscopically. Described from California and the DNA was also found in Oregon.

Leucocoprinus PNW15 - this is a similar related species, but I don't know how to tell it apart except by DNA. It has a orange-brown eye and a little brownish pigment on the scales outside the eye. It has been found once in WA and once in CA.

Leucocoprinus PNW19 - almost uniformly brown scaly cap, but darker at the eye. A unique sequence from OR.

'Lepiota' oculata © Drew Henderson, Leucocoprinus PNW15 © Shannon Adams, L. PNW19 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)

White caps

'Lepiota' sequoiarum CA - A mostly white 'Lepiota' described from California with reports as far north as Oregon and Washington (not necessarily only with Sequoia). We have DNA from California and need confirmed DNA from the PNW to make sure our local reports aren't one of the many other whitish species. It still needs to be moved to Leucocoprinus.

Leucocoprinus PNW06 - This species was found once in Oregon and was all or mostly white, as far as I could tell from the dried out specimens. More information is needed. California also has all white relatives of Leucoagaricus rubrotinctoides not yet confirmed from the PNW.

'Leucocoprinus' cf cretaceus EU - an all white Leucocoprinus-looking species with a more copious powdery covering than L. cepistipes. Found once in WA in wood chips with horse manure. We need local DNA to prove we have the real European species.

Leucoagaricus PNW17 - known only from one BC collection, off-white and delicately decorated. It is sister to L. sequoiarum, perhaps from different habitats.

Leucoagaricus PWN06 © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History, L. cf cretaceus from outside NA © Daniel Winkler

Leucocoprinus PNW17 © Vail Paterson (2 images)